![]() When valves, chambers, arteries and veins are malformed, this circulation pattern can be impaired. When all chambers and valves work correctly, the blood is pumped through the heart, to the lungs for oxygen, back the heart and out to the body for delivery of oxygen. Congenital Defects - A simplified glossary Healthy Heart FunctionĪ normal heart has valves, arteries and chambers that carry the blood in a circulatory pattern: body–heart–lungs–heart–body. For more in-depth information, use the links which will provide a deeper of explanation of the science and will also answer some common questions such as treatment options, ongoing care needs, and expected limitations or activity levels. The descriptions and pictures of common heart defects that follow will help you understand the heart problem you or your child are facing. Your cardiologist will discuss your particular heart defect, treatment options and expected results. As diagnosis and treatment continue to advance, treatments other defects will be developed. If your child is born with a heart defect today, the chances are better than ever that the problem can be overcome and that a fulfilling adult life will follow. Ongoing progress in diagnosis and treatment (surgery and heart catheterization) makes it possible to treat most defects, even those once thought to be hopeless. At least 18 distinct types of congenital heart defects are recognized, with many additional anatomic variations. National Hypertension Control InitiativeĬongenital heart defects are structural problems arising from abnormal formation of the heart or major blood vessels.Pets and Your Health / Healthy Bond for Life.“You hit bottom, and you automatically rebound some, but then you don’t come out of it in a V-shape recovery or anything like that. In an interview with Reuters news agency, Soros said: He was describing a country that had been “slipping in and out of recession for a prolonged period, perhaps 3-4 years or more.”īillionaire financier George Soros once described a recession as an ‘ inverted square root sign‘ shaped recession. Mike Shedlock, a financial blogger, used the term WW-shaped recession. Over the years, people have used a range of different terms to describe economic performance. It is flat like the flat horizontal line at the bottom of a capital ‘L.’ The steep decline precedes a long period during which the economy is flat. In some cases, it can take more than a decade for strong growth to come back. In other words, it does not return to trend line growth for a long time. L-shaped recoveryĪn L-shaped recovery or recession occurs when the economy has a severe and prolonged slowdown. We can say either U-shaped recovery or U-shaped recession. You know, maybe there’s some bumpy stuff in the bottom, but you don’t come out of the bathtub for a long time.” Simon Johnson made the following comment when he was the International Monetary Fund’s Chief Economist: With a U-shaped recovery, the trough is not as clearly defined. However, a strong recovery comes immediately after the trough. There is then a clearly defined trough at the bottom. V-shaped recoveryĪ V-shaped recovery is one where there is a short, sharp period of declining economic activity. A W-shaped recovery, in fact, is just one of them. There are many shapes for economic performance terms. In a W-shaped recovery, the chart shows two economic declines and two recoveries – in this order: Decline -> Recovery -> Decline -> Recovery. Your pen will slide downwards twice and upwards twice. The former points to the troughs while the latter points to the peaks in the letter ‘W.’ When you are writing a letter ‘W’, imagine that path your pen takes is the same as the economy. The term W-shaped recession has the same meaning as W-shaped recovery. When you read the term double-dip recession, it means the same as W-shaped recovery. However, that measure triggered another slowdown in the economy. Its central bank, the Federal Reserve, subsequently raised interest rates to control inflation. The US economy came out of recession in 1981. We can observe a W-shaped recovery in an economic performance chart of the USA during the early 1980s. This may occur when inflation or interest rates fluctuate widely. We commonly see a W-shaped recovery during periods of extreme volatile economic activity. In other words, back-to-back rises and declines in economic activity. A W-shaped recovery describes a chart that shows two economic recessions and recoveries.
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